Blood Lab
Chart:
Lab Questions:
What are the other cell types and do they have the same blood typing systems?
White blood cells and platelets are other types of blood cells and they have different blood typing systems.
What blood type is needed for a transfusion for a Type O positive patient?
Only another Type O, positive or negative, blood type would work for safe transfusion.
What would happen if someone was transfused with an incompatible blood type?
They would experience a severe reaction where their body’s immune system would attack the foreign substance and could die.
Purpose:
The purpose of this lab was to determine which antigens exist on the surface of our red blood cells, which would allow us to classify our blood type.
Hypothesis:
If my blood has antigen A presenting on the surface of my red blood cells, then the blood sample will agglutinate or clump when placed in the anti-antigen A, because the humoral system will attack the foreign invader.
Reflection:
This lab was interesting because we got to do an experiment related to ourselves, which is as applicable as any experiment could be. Understanding how red blood cells are tested in order to find one’s blood type was actually a very interesting topic, as was transfusions. It seems somewhat ironic that those who can donate blood to all the other blood types cannot receive a transfusion from anyone with a different blood type. This is a lab that would like to repeat with multiple trials just to ensure that the results are positive.
Photos:
Viruses
What is a virus?
Viruses are everywhere and so small that we cannot visibly see them
not living
What is the structure of a virus? (The anatomy of a virus)
Complex material that can self-replicate
They have DNA and RNA
How do viruses work?
It uses the DNA to replicate
Needs to infect a cell to replicate
Viruses convert the cells into "virus producing robots"
How can a virus enter the body?
we eat millions of them daily
What is bigger a virus or bacteria?
Bacteria
How do viruses replicate?
Uses its outer protein code to bind with the membrane of the cell
once joined, the virus forces the cell to take in the virus
After the virus is in the cell's DNA, it can replicate
Vaccines
Polio
How many ingredients make up this particular vaccine?
9
What ingredients are benign or not considered toxic?
Vero cells, M 199, calf bovine serum, phenoxyethanol, neomycin, Eagle MEM modified medium
What ingredients can be toxic in high quantities?
Anything can be toxic in high quantities, but with that said, Formaldehyde and streptomycin, and polymyxin B
What ingredients had limited information/research?
M-199
DTaP
How many ingredients make up this particular vaccine?
There are 15 ingredients in DTaP.
What ingredients are benign or not considered toxic?
The ingredients that are considered not toxic are Glutaraldehyde, Dimethyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin, Ammonium Sulfate, Aluminum Hydroxide, and Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80).
What ingredients can be toxic in high quantities?
All of the ingredients in the DTaP vaccine are toxic in high quantities.
What ingredients had limited information/research?
Fenton medium containing a bovine extract, modified Latham medium derived from bovine casein, and modified Latham medium derived from bovine casein
Coal with Colby
-300 million years through heat and pressure. starts as plants
types of coal:
peat
-plant life decomposed
lignite
-peat but with more heat and pressure crumbles easily
subbitumiuos and bituminous
anthracite yea
very rare
takes a very long time, 300-350 million years
-most effective
1.7 billion tons of CO2 just from burning coal
Key Words:
Natural Gas with Scott
-effects environment by global warming and ecosystem pollution through fracking
- fracking: once water is put in, rocks are fractured. fracturing can contaminate the drinking water of a town
-methane is potent: the ability to trap heat
-natural gas can be used for energy, cheap, easy to extract
Key Words:
Oil with Nick
-fossil fuel- a fuel source that has been made over millions of years
-drill into the ground to get oil
-send sand acid down to push oil into pipes to be collected
-The US produces 9.4 million barrels every day
•barrel= 42gallons
Environmental Impacts with Audrey
-
Alternative Energy with Kelly
- renewable resources- a substance that can be replenished as fast as it is being used
-fossil fuels NOT renewable resources
-energy efficiency- the corresponding amount of energy produced by a given amount of fuel
- by 2088 we are expected to run out of fossil fuels
-clean energy source- an energy that doesn't pollute the atmosphere when used
ex:
Political Ramifications with Casey
export-sell things taking out
energy dependence-
Ecology #3
Ecology #2
Fossil Fuels
organic matter + temperature + time + pressure conditions = fossil fuels
Carboniferous era
-approximately 360 to 286 million years ago,
-swamps and ponds
-organisms and plants sank to the bottom when they died; decomposed under layers of sand and clay
Coal
ferns, plants, trees which harden due to pressure and heat
Oil
zoo plankton and algae pressure caused the more complex organic matter to decompose
Natural Gas
zoo plankton and algae INTENSE pressure caused the more complex organic matter to decompose
Food Web
With the materials given, two different colored balls of yarn, scissors, an envelope, and tape, we had to make a food web from the organisms listed in the envelope. The organisms consisted of the sun, algae, bacteria, owl, snake, duck, crane, fish, grass, and cricket. We were also given a list of vocabulary that would need to get written on the papers that had each organism on them. Ten of us were assigned an organism, whereas the other two were the directors of the activity. The directors were in charge of getting the food web in order. this was the order:
Key Notes on Khan Video
During evaporation, water vapor rises because the sun has heated the surface of the water
As water particles rise to the temperature, the water particles condense into particles
When it is cold these form ice crystals and join the clouds
When the droplets get heavy they then become precipitation
The water then returns to the source or could become snow
If it falls on the mountain it generally becomes snow because the temperature in the mountains
When it is not cold enough for snow, the water becomes run off.
There is a lot of water, but 2.5% of water is fresh water
Ocean Demo
Materials:
6 mLs salt
1000 ml 91 liter normal tap water
1 liter flask
small flask for salt
large bowl
small cup
cup of ice cubes
Procedures:
Khan Academy
Ecology #1
DNA Notes
What is DNA?
DNA is found in the nucleus in the form of a chromosome.
All living organisms have DNA
Structure of DNA
A single nitrogenous base is called a pyrimidine
A double nitrogenous base is called a purine
Function of DNA
-gene coding (eye, hair, skin color)
-codes for proteins (amino acids)
-DNA replication (maintenance and care for cells)
Eating Disorders
Bulimia
Bulimia is an eating disorder which commonly results in vomiting or purging what the person consumes in order to control weight.
Purging Type- self-induced vomiting and or overdosing on laxatives
Non-purging type- too much exercise or fasting to compensate for eating
Symptoms
-Frequent episodes of consuming very large amount of food, then trying to lose that weight quickly
-low self- esteem related to body image
Effects on the body
Inflammation and possible rupture of the esophagus
Brain Narrative
Directions:
The Brain
QUIZLET LINK
dentrites- receives information
Axon- takes information away from the cell
Myelin- insulates the axon
Synapse- the space between neutrons where molecules are transferred, permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron.
The Brain Anatomy
QUIZLET LINK
Iron Chef
We tested to see how yeast, a fungi organism, reacted to artificial sugars versus natural sugars. Yeast thrives on sugar, and according to prior research of how yeast reacts to sugars, they could test for growth by measuring the amount of carbon they respirate. The hypothesis was that yeast requires sugar to survive, but if it is given added sugar, it will not live as well as if it were given natural sugars. Essentially, the added sugars of a soda will have less of an effect than the natural sugars found in fruit drinks or natural sources such as honey.
Making Poop Instructional Blog
Chart:
Lab Questions:
What are the other cell types and do they have the same blood typing systems?
White blood cells and platelets are other types of blood cells and they have different blood typing systems.
What blood type is needed for a transfusion for a Type O positive patient?
Only another Type O, positive or negative, blood type would work for safe transfusion.
What would happen if someone was transfused with an incompatible blood type?
They would experience a severe reaction where their body’s immune system would attack the foreign substance and could die.
Purpose:
The purpose of this lab was to determine which antigens exist on the surface of our red blood cells, which would allow us to classify our blood type.
Hypothesis:
If my blood has antigen A presenting on the surface of my red blood cells, then the blood sample will agglutinate or clump when placed in the anti-antigen A, because the humoral system will attack the foreign invader.
Materials:
3 mixing sticks
Bleach bath
1 Cotton ball
1 Lancet
Blood typing slide
Antisera A and B
Anti-Rh factor
Paper towels
1 pair of disposable gloves
1 band aid
Procedure:
- Arrange a sanitary area for the lab to take place
- Place a drop of each Antisera A, Antisera B, and the Anti-Rh factor into separate places on the blood typing slide
- Have one person, wearing gloves, to prick the subject’s finger
- Rub a bit of the blood on the tip of each of the mixing sticks
- Place the tip of each stick that contains the blood into each of the anti-antigens on the blood typing slide
- Wipe of the remaining blood on the cotton ball and place in the bleach bath
- Wrap the subject’s finger in a band aid (for sanitary purposes)
- Mix the sticks in the anti-antigen and observe
- Indicate that clumping, or agglutination, has occurred by marking yes in the data table with the given anti-antigen. Mark no if the anti-antigen has turned clear, with no clumps
- Place all used materials in bleach bath and dispose of appropriately
- Compare results to table below in order to determine your blood type
This lab was interesting because we got to do an experiment related to ourselves, which is as applicable as any experiment could be. Understanding how red blood cells are tested in order to find one’s blood type was actually a very interesting topic, as was transfusions. It seems somewhat ironic that those who can donate blood to all the other blood types cannot receive a transfusion from anyone with a different blood type. This is a lab that would like to repeat with multiple trials just to ensure that the results are positive.
Photos:
Viruses
What is a virus?
Viruses are everywhere and so small that we cannot visibly see them
not living
What is the structure of a virus? (The anatomy of a virus)
Complex material that can self-replicate
They have DNA and RNA
It uses the DNA to replicate
Needs to infect a cell to replicate
Viruses convert the cells into "virus producing robots"
How can a virus enter the body?
we eat millions of them daily
What is bigger a virus or bacteria?
Bacteria
How do viruses replicate?
Uses its outer protein code to bind with the membrane of the cell
once joined, the virus forces the cell to take in the virus
After the virus is in the cell's DNA, it can replicate
Vaccines
Polio
How many ingredients make up this particular vaccine?
9
What ingredients are benign or not considered toxic?
Vero cells, M 199, calf bovine serum, phenoxyethanol, neomycin, Eagle MEM modified medium
What ingredients can be toxic in high quantities?
Anything can be toxic in high quantities, but with that said, Formaldehyde and streptomycin, and polymyxin B
What ingredients had limited information/research?
M-199
DTaP
How many ingredients make up this particular vaccine?
There are 15 ingredients in DTaP.
What ingredients are benign or not considered toxic?
The ingredients that are considered not toxic are Glutaraldehyde, Dimethyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin, Ammonium Sulfate, Aluminum Hydroxide, and Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80).
What ingredients can be toxic in high quantities?
All of the ingredients in the DTaP vaccine are toxic in high quantities.
What ingredients had limited information/research?
Fenton medium containing a bovine extract, modified Latham medium derived from bovine casein, and modified Latham medium derived from bovine casein
MMR 2
How many ingredients make up this particular vaccine?
There are 13 ingredients. Chick embryo cell culture, WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts, vitamins, amino acids, fetal bovine serum, sucrose, glutamate, recombinant human albumin, neomycin, sorbitol, hydrolyzed gelatin, sodium phosphate, and sodium chloride.
What ingredients are benign or not considered toxic?
None of our 13 ingredients are benign or toxic.
What ingredients can be toxic in high quantities?
Vitamins are not to be overused. Amino acids can be toxic. Glutamate is toxic.
What ingredients had limited information/research?
Chick embryo cell culture and WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts.
HIB (Haemophilus influenza type B)
How many ingredients make up this particular vaccine?
There are 12 different ingredients that make up Hib.
What ingredients are benign or not considered toxic?
Sodium Chloride, sucrose, saline, lactose
What ingredients can be toxic in high quantities or by itself?
Toxic: If allergic to milk-based proteins, modified Mueller and Miller medium could be potentially dangerous
Toxic in high quantities: modified Mueller and Miller Medium, Formaldehyde, lactose (if intolerant)
What ingredients had limited information/research?
Synthetic Mediums Amorphous Aluminum Hydroxyphosphate Sulfate
Hepatitis B
The first vaccine is made up of 5 ingredients.
The second vaccine is made up of 9 ingredients.
Benign/not considered toxic
Phosphate Buffer
Yeast Protein
Mineral Salts
Dextrose
Soy Peptone
Toxic in high quantities
Formaldehyde (most dangerous when inhaled)
Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate
Disodium Phosphate Dihydrate
Aluminum Hydroxide (when combined with kidney failure)
Sodium Chloride
Potassium Aluminum Sulfate
Amorphous Aluminum Hydroxyphosphate Sulfate
Amino Acids
Limited information/research
Mineral Salts
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate
Amorphous Aluminum Hydroxyphosphate Sulfate
Hepatitis A
Q: How many ingredients make up this particular vaccine?
A: 16
Q: What ingredients are benign or not considered toxic?
A: Formalin, MRC-5 human diploid cells, aluminum hydroxide
Q: What ingredients can be toxic in high quantities?
A: Sodium chloride, sodium borate, aminoglycoside antibiotics, neomycin
Q: What ingredients had limited information/research?
A: Amorphous Aluminum Hydroxyphosphate sulfate.
Varicella/Chickenpox/Varivax
It has a total of 15 ingredients
Almost everything is toxic in certain amounts
Not Toxic: sucrose, hydrolized gelatin
Toxic: urea, neomycin, monosodium L-glutamate, sodium phosphate dibasic, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium chloride, EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
Ingredients that had limited information/research: Human embryonic lung cell cultures, guinea pig cell cultures, human diploid cell cultures (WI-38), human diploid cell cultures (MRC-5), fetal bovine serum
HPV
This vaccine is made of 10 different ingredients: Vitamins, Amino Acids, Mineral Salts, Carbohydrates, Amorphous Aluminum Hydroxyphosphate Sulfate (AAHS), Sodium Chloride, L-Histidine, Polysorbate 80, Sodium Borate, and Yeast Protein.
Non-Toxic: Carbohydrates, vitamins
Toxic: AAHS has been found to be a neurotoxin. Polysorbate 80 is toxic upon skin contact. Mineral Salt is dangerous when swallowed accidentally from ocean water could cause Mineral Toxicity which could lead to iron toxicity as well. L-Histidine is a natural compound found in animal products, and is needed by the body.
Limited Information: Sodium borate, Mineral Salts, vitamins
Questions:
How toxic is toxic?
How much of each ingredient is in it?
Science Assessment #7 RevampHow toxic is toxic?
How much of each ingredient is in it?
Coal with Colby
-300 million years through heat and pressure. starts as plants
types of coal:
peat
-plant life decomposed
lignite
-peat but with more heat and pressure crumbles easily
subbitumiuos and bituminous
-both are very similar
-subjected to less heat and pressure that bituminous.anthracite yea
very rare
takes a very long time, 300-350 million years
-most effective
1.7 billion tons of CO2 just from burning coal
Key Words:
Natural Gas with Scott
-effects environment by global warming and ecosystem pollution through fracking
- fracking: once water is put in, rocks are fractured. fracturing can contaminate the drinking water of a town
-methane is potent: the ability to trap heat
-natural gas can be used for energy, cheap, easy to extract
Key Words:
Oil with Nick
-fossil fuel- a fuel source that has been made over millions of years
-drill into the ground to get oil
-send sand acid down to push oil into pipes to be collected
-The US produces 9.4 million barrels every day
•barrel= 42gallons
Environmental Impacts with Audrey
-
Alternative Energy with Kelly
- renewable resources- a substance that can be replenished as fast as it is being used
-fossil fuels NOT renewable resources
-energy efficiency- the corresponding amount of energy produced by a given amount of fuel
- by 2088 we are expected to run out of fossil fuels
-clean energy source- an energy that doesn't pollute the atmosphere when used
ex:
Political Ramifications with Casey
export-sell things taking out
energy dependence-
Ecology #3
Fauna- (noun) animal life in an area
Floral-(noun) plant life in an area
Food web- (noun)food chains that are put together to show how energy flows through an ecosystem
Food chain- (noun) an order in which animals feed on plants and other animals; shows how energy follows through from a producer to a consumer to a decomposer
Population- (noun) all the members of a species that live in an area
Predator- (noun) an animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals
ex: big cats
Prey- (noun) the animal that is hunted, killed and eaten by a predator
ex: rabbits
Producer- (noun) an organism that produces its own food
ex: plants
Primary consumer- (noun) animals that eat primary producers (plant eaters/herbivores)
Secondary consumer-(noun) eat primary consumers, can be either a carnivore or omnivore
Tertiary consumer- (noun) carnivores on the top of the food chain that eats other carnivores; eats only secondary consumers
ex: lions
Floral-(noun) plant life in an area
Food web- (noun)food chains that are put together to show how energy flows through an ecosystem
 |
| example of a food web |
Food chain- (noun) an order in which animals feed on plants and other animals; shows how energy follows through from a producer to a consumer to a decomposer
 |
| example of a food chain |
Population- (noun) all the members of a species that live in an area
Predator- (noun) an animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals
ex: big cats
Prey- (noun) the animal that is hunted, killed and eaten by a predator
ex: rabbits
Producer- (noun) an organism that produces its own food
ex: plants
Primary consumer- (noun) animals that eat primary producers (plant eaters/herbivores)
Secondary consumer-(noun) eat primary consumers, can be either a carnivore or omnivore
Tertiary consumer- (noun) carnivores on the top of the food chain that eats other carnivores; eats only secondary consumers
ex: lions
Ecology #2
decomposers- (noun) An organism such as bacteria that breaks down dead matter and returns nutrients to soil
ex: fungus
estuary- (noun) A body of water where freshwater and saltwater ecosystems merge together (marine and freshwater ecosystems will be present here)
ex: River meets ocean
habitat- (noun) A place or surrounding where an organism normally lives
ex: Red fox
herbivores- (noun) An organism that only eats plants
ex: deer
host- (noun) Living organism on which a parasite lives
ex: Mice host of tics
Limiting factor- (noun) Something in an environment that keeps the population of an organism from increasing as much as it could
ex: deforestation
ex: deforestation
niche- (noun) The habitat that supplies everything needed for a species to thrive on
ex: ocean
ex: ocean
omnivores- (noun) A consumer that eats both plants and animals
ex: human
parasite- (noun) An organism that lives in or one another organism(called the host)
ex: mistletoe in a tree
Fossil Fuels
organic matter + temperature + time + pressure conditions = fossil fuels
Carboniferous era
-approximately 360 to 286 million years ago,
-swamps and ponds
-organisms and plants sank to the bottom when they died; decomposed under layers of sand and clay
Coal
ferns, plants, trees which harden due to pressure and heat
Oil
zoo plankton and algae pressure caused the more complex organic matter to decompose
Natural Gas
zoo plankton and algae INTENSE pressure caused the more complex organic matter to decompose
With the materials given, two different colored balls of yarn, scissors, an envelope, and tape, we had to make a food web from the organisms listed in the envelope. The organisms consisted of the sun, algae, bacteria, owl, snake, duck, crane, fish, grass, and cricket. We were also given a list of vocabulary that would need to get written on the papers that had each organism on them. Ten of us were assigned an organism, whereas the other two were the directors of the activity. The directors were in charge of getting the food web in order. this was the order:
Key Notes on Khan Video
During evaporation, water vapor rises because the sun has heated the surface of the water
As water particles rise to the temperature, the water particles condense into particles
When it is cold these form ice crystals and join the clouds
When the droplets get heavy they then become precipitation
The water then returns to the source or could become snow
If it falls on the mountain it generally becomes snow because the temperature in the mountains
When it is not cold enough for snow, the water becomes run off.
There is a lot of water, but 2.5% of water is fresh water
Ocean Demo
Materials:
6 mLs salt
1000 ml 91 liter normal tap water
1 liter flask
small flask for salt
large bowl
small cup
cup of ice cubes
Procedures:
1. Heat up water in microwave for 2 minutes
2. Pour salt into warm water (the ocean)
3. Place sup in the middle of the bowl
4. Tightly place saran wrap over the entire bowl.
5. Place ice cubes on the saran wrap (bowl)
6. Let ice cubes sit and observe
Khan Academy
This graph shows the average residence time for water molecules in the Earth’s water reservoirs. The residence time means how long the water will stay in its location before going through the water cycle. Glaciers water residence time is the longest with 1,00 to 10,000 years. The graph shows the shortest
Ecology #1
Ecology- (noun) the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment
ex: a pond
Ecosystem- (noun) all the living and nonliving things in an area and their interactions
ex: food chain
Abiotic Factor- (noun) the part of the ecosystem that is not alive and has never been alive
ex: the sun
Biotic Factor- (noun) the part of an ecosystem that is alive
ex: plants, animals
Adaptation- (noun) a characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment
Ex: camouflage
Biome- (noun) a plant and animal community that covers a large part of the Earth
ex: ocean
Detritivore- (noun) an organism (as an earthworm or a fungus) that feeds on dead and decomposing organic matter
ex; earthworm or a fungus
Community- (noun) a group of organisms living together in a certain area
ex: monkeys!!!
Consumers (noun) an organism that survives by eating producers or other consumers in its ecosystem
ex: koalas
Carnivore- (noun) an organism that eats only other consumers (meat eater)
ex: lion
deforestation- the cutting down and clearing of forest land- will usually lead to increased soil erosion in this area.
ex: a land with tree stumps
DNA Notes
What is DNA?
DNA is found in the nucleus in the form of a chromosome.
All living organisms have DNA
Structure of DNA
A single nitrogenous base is called a pyrimidine
A double nitrogenous base is called a purine
-gene coding (eye, hair, skin color)
-codes for proteins (amino acids)
-DNA replication (maintenance and care for cells)
Eating Disorders
Bulimia
Bulimia is an eating disorder which commonly results in vomiting or purging what the person consumes in order to control weight.
Purging Type- self-induced vomiting and or overdosing on laxatives
Non-purging type- too much exercise or fasting to compensate for eating
Symptoms
-Frequent episodes of consuming very large amount of food, then trying to lose that weight quickly
-low self- esteem related to body image
Effects on the body
Inflammation and possible rupture of the esophagus
Tooth decay
Chronic irregular bowel movements and constipation as a result of laxative abuse
Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia is an eating disorder associated with extreme weight loss and attention to calorie count and ultimately self-starvation
Symptoms
-Binging and purging meals
-Severely watching calories
-Obsession of weight
Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia is an eating disorder associated with extreme weight loss and attention to calorie count and ultimately self-starvation
Symptoms
-Binging and purging meals
-Severely watching calories
-Obsession of weight
Effects
-Brittle bones
-Irregular heartbeat
-Muscle weakness
-Severe dehydration
-Dry hair and skin
-Kidney failure
Binge-Eating Disorder
Episodes of consuming large quantities of food
Loss of control during binge
Guilt or distress after the binge
Does not involve purging after the binge
Most common eating disorder in the U.S.A.
Those affected are also at high risk of suicide
Episodes involve eating faster/much more food than usual
Eating unusually large amounts of food in a given time period (ex. 2 hours)
Feelings that their eating behavior is out of control
Eats even when not hungry
Eating alone due to embarrassment
Occurs one a week or more for at least three months
Usually begins in late teens or early 20s
Secretive behaviors (hiding food, etc.)
Change in normal eating habits (skipping normal meals, eating at unusual times, etc.)
Schedules events/activities around binge eating sessions
Feels disgust about body size/shape
Experiences anger, feelings of worthlessness, or shame before and/or after binging
Body weight usually is normal or varying degrees of obesity
Affects more women than men
May experience high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, type II diabetes, and fatigue
Associated with symptoms/feelings of depression
Treatments may include psychotherapy sessions such as cognitive behavioral (control) therapy, interpersonal (relationship) therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy (skills to reduce stress, deal with emotions, and improve relationships)
Brain Narrative
Directions:
- Write a short narrative about the long-term effects of a person that has the following condition. Use the perspective of one of the following: a doctor treating the patient, the patient or a family member who will be caring for the patient.
- The narrative should include descriptions of changes in patient’s personality, physical mobility, speech, memory, etc. depending on what part of the brain was effective.
- Narratives should be no more than 2 pages long, include research, and be edited with an editing partner. (Be sure to share document with editing partner.)
- Once an editing partner viewed your narrative completely, it should be published in your digital notebook, with your Brain Anatomy Lab in the science section, along with a brief description of the assignment.
Dear Diary,
“Who are you?” “I’m your sister. You had a stroke on the right side of---” “What? I’m sorry what were you saying?” “You had a stroke on the right side of your brain.” The first words I said my brother after he recovered from his recent stroke. The doctor told me not to take anything my brother said personally because the stroke could have some long term effects. Because his stroke was on the right side of his brain, he may not recognize faces or pictures of familiar people or objects and may be unable to focus attention for long periods of time.
After explaining to him how his blood pressure was too high which caused bleeding in the brain causing the stroke, he looked down and said, “Who’s arm in on the bed?” I replied, “That is your left arm.” “No it is not. Please get your arm off the bed.” Confused I held up both my hands. Even after seeing both my hands, he was still convinced that his left arm did not belong to him. The nurse who was quietly in the room observing his recovery leaned down to me and whispered, “Some People may deny that they had a stroke. Some even deny that their paralyzed limb belongs to them. Your brother’s left arm is paralyzed, a common side effect to be on the left side because his stroke was on the right hemisphere of his brain.” I was so surprised about this I had to take a minute to breathe in the hallway. When I came back into the room, my brother was fast asleep.
He is currently asleep as I write this. He should wake up anytime now. I’ll write later. Let’s hope these are the only major symptoms he experiences!
QUIZLET LINK
dentrites- receives information
Axon- takes information away from the cell
Myelin- insulates the axon
Synapse- the space between neutrons where molecules are transferred, permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron.
The Brain Anatomy
QUIZLET LINK
Iron Chef
We tested to see how yeast, a fungi organism, reacted to artificial sugars versus natural sugars. Yeast thrives on sugar, and according to prior research of how yeast reacts to sugars, they could test for growth by measuring the amount of carbon they respirate. The hypothesis was that yeast requires sugar to survive, but if it is given added sugar, it will not live as well as if it were given natural sugars. Essentially, the added sugars of a soda will have less of an effect than the natural sugars found in fruit drinks or natural sources such as honey.
Hypothesis: If yeast is given different liquids with varying amounts of natural and artificial sugars in bottles with balloons on top, then the bottle with the most natural sugar will inflate the balloon the most because the yeast will thrive with the natural sugars causing the yeast to release more carbon dioxide.
Materials:
50 mL Coca-Cola
50 mL Green Goodness Bolthouse Farms Juice
50 mL Pure Cane Sugar
50 mL Honey
4 beakers with 2000 mL of 105 degree water
1 Thermometer
1 Bunsen burner
Measuring tools in mL
5 balloons
5 packets (each being ¼ of an ounce/ 2 ¼ teaspoons) of yeast
pH strips
Measuring tape in inches
Procedure:
- Fill all 4 beakers with 200 mL of 105 degree water and label each.
- Test pH levels of different types of sugar.
- Then add 50 mL of coca-cola to beaker #1, add 50 mL of Green Goodness Bolthouse Farms Juice to beaker #2, add 50 mL of Pure Cane Sugar to beaker #3, and 50 mL of Honey in beaker #4.
- Add one packet of yeast ( ¼ of an ounce/ 2 ¼ teaspoons) to each balloon. Attach a balloon to each beaker without letting the yeast drop into the liquid.
- Let the yeast drop into the liquid AT THE SAME TIME.
- Observe the beakers every hour for 4 hours.
- Record your results by measuring the balloons’ diameters of each with a measuring tape.
- Measure the foam height with measuring tape.
Type of Sugar (mL)
|
Ph Level
(average)
|
Circumference of Balloon (inches)
Test 1:
|
Circumference of Balloon (inches)
Test 2
|
Circumference of Balloon (inches)
Test 3
|
Pure Cane Sugar
|
pH 6
|
12”
|
14.5”
|
17”
|
Honey
|
pH 8
|
12”
|
12”
|
8.5”
|
Coca-Cola
|
pH 1
|
11”
|
11”
|
11”
|
Green Goodness Bolthouse Farms Juice
|
pH 5
|
12”
|
12”
|
10.5”
|
Making Poop Instructional Blog
Poop is waste the body does not need from the food that is consumed. Food moves through the digestive system in which organs work together to take nutrients from food and discard the waste(poop).
The first step on the digestive system is the mouth. In the mouth the two incisors, narrow teeth at the front of the mouth made for cutting, slice food into smaller particles. Then the molars grind the particles into even smaller pieces. The enzyme Amylase, made in the saliva glands, is released to further break down particles. The incisors were demonstrated by scissors, the cups acted as the molars, and water acted as Amylase.
The first step on the digestive system is the mouth. In the mouth the two incisors, narrow teeth at the front of the mouth made for cutting, slice food into smaller particles. Then the molars grind the particles into even smaller pieces. The enzyme Amylase, made in the saliva glands, is released to further break down particles. The incisors were demonstrated by scissors, the cups acted as the molars, and water acted as Amylase.
The ground up food then goes down the esophagus, a muscular tube connecting the throat with the stomach. A long paper towel roll indicated the esophagus.
The esophagus releases the food into the stomach. The stomach links to the esophagus and the small intestine. It is where the majority of digestion happens. Digestion occurs in two forms: chemical digestion and mechanical digestion. Chemical digestion is the use of acids and enzymes particularly, pepsin that breaks down protein and lipase that speeds up the breaking down of fat. Mechanical digestion breaks down food particles by combustion. In the lab, dish soap and water were used in place of enzymes. The bag was then squeezed to display combustion in mechanical digestion.
After stomach, the 'food' goes to the small intestine, a 6 meter tubular structure that absorbs the nutrients of the food. The nylon is used to represent the small intestine, because the small intestine is very thin and the nutrients seep out of the thin walls distributing them.
The next step is the large intestine. The large intestine absorbs the water from fecal matter as the fecal matter continues its path through the large intestine. We used a sock to display how the large intestine works because a sock is very absorbent.
From there, the waste goes into the rectum to be held until ready to be defecated. This is the outcome!
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