Dialogue Activity
“I like to YOLO everything and just live my life, so ya I think it’s good to live like you’re dying,” responded Sam to the given question.
“I don’t know, sometimes it’s important to live in the moment, other times it’s important to think ahead and plan,” answered Erika thoughtfully.
“I agree”, added Jordan. “Enjoying the little things is definitely important, but having long-term goals and plans is also important.”
“If I wanna go bungee jumping then I’m gonna go bungee jumping. I wanna make the most of my youth when my joints still work.”
“And I think something like bungee jumping would need planning, however I think it's good to do things you want to as Sam said earlier, you only live once.”
Jordan replied, “I think that it’s good to be sporadic and enjoy experiences, but at the same time planning for your future and knowing what you want to do in life is important.”
“But you don’t know how much of a future you’re gonna have yo,” countered Sam. “You gotta do whatcha can do before your times out.”
Click here for the recording
To Kill A Mocking Bird
#BlackLivesMatter
In this article by Bijan Stephan, he talks about the growing movement, Black Lives Matter. He contrasts the differences between the use of today's technology and how the peaceful protests could have changed if they had the technology we have now.
The Sixth Extinction
Prologue
-new species have evolved
-this species is good at adapting
-the big 5: five big extinctions
Chapter 6
-all about ocean acidification
-by the end of the 21st century, oceanic pH will have dropped from 8.2 to 7.8
-Castello Aragones: Italian Islands
-Carbon dioxide dissolves water into acid
-seagrass: peculiar green
-the tiny organisms that usually coat them are missing because of the carbon dioxide release
-Humans burned through fossil fuels in which added 365 billion metric tons of carbon to the atmosphere
-each year 9 billion tons are added
Chapter 7
-acidification is harming the coral in the ocean
-⇧ failure of the Biosphere 2 project
-'saturation state,' a property related to acidity
-acidity bleaches the coral
-one loan palm tree
-found in the southernmost part of the great barrier reef
-growing out of a pile of the dead reef (no sand)
-one reef has billions of species
-collecting water samples at every low tide to test pH
Chapter 8
-in the Peruvian Andes, in Manu National Park
-upward migration of species as the climate warms
-Species-Area Relationship: S=cAz
-⇧as the area drops, the number of species drops
-Why are trees growing in the higher altitude?
-⇧answer: weather is colder and it rains more frequently
-What will become extinct from climate change? Plants? Animals?
Chapter 9
-The Brazilian government: to blame for deforestation for paying people to cut down trees
-11 million miles uninhabited by humans on the entire Earth
-Islands lack biodiversity
-When the forest is split into small parts it is similar to creating an island and it prohibits migration
Claim, Evidence, Research
Fahrenheit 451 Notes:
Characters
Montag is an ignorant man because of his lack of knowledge of the past regarding the past of firemen and the world around him. “‘Is it true that long ago firemen put fires out instead of going to start them?’ ‘No. Houses have always been fireproof, take my word for it’”(Bradbury 8). Within this, the reader can depict Montag's response as a lack of knowledge when Clarisse is discussing the past of firemen and the past of the purpose of firemen.
Montag
Firefighter
SmugA, skilled, strong, content, ignorant, unique- burns books… why???
Clarisse
Montag’s neighbor
Angelic, whimsical, curious,
Setting
Scene takes place at night
“He walked out of the fire station and along the midnight street toward the subway where the silent, air-propelled train slid soundlessly down its lubricated flue in the earth and let him out with a great puff of warm air onto the cream-tiled escalator rising to the suburb,” (Bradbury 4).
Air trains are not invented yet so we know this book takes place in the future.
“They walked in the warm-cool blowing night on the silvered pavement and there was the faintest breath of fresh apricots and strawberries in the air, and he looked around and realized this was quite impossible, so late in the year” (Bradbury 6-7).
The narrator states that the smell outside smells like a strawberries, then states that its too late in the year for that. This tells us that it must be closer to winter time since it is not possible to be growing any kind of fruits in the winter season.
“‘Do you ever read any of the books you burn?’ He laughed. ‘That's against the law!’"(Bradbury 8).
Maytag says it is legal and encouraged to burn books, but not to read them, which means they are probably in a government controlled community that discourages the spread of knowledge.
Motifs
In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 the reoccurring theme throughout the novel thus far is nature imagery, to foreshadow the lost connection of nature and humanity to technology and machines. “The Mechanical Hound… softly illuminated kennel back in a dark corner of the firehouse”(Bradbury 21). Within this, Bradbury is furthering the idea in which technology is taking precedence over humanity and nature, when stating the mechanical hound sleeping, like a human, and purrs like a hound, but also like the engine of a car.
In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury the reoccurring theme throughout the novel this far is the absurdity of knowledge of the past. “Didn't fireman prevent fires rather than stoke them up and get them going?" (Bradbury 34) The characters are constantly filled with lies of the past, to cover up the remains of history. “Established, 1790, to burn English-influenced books in the Colonies. First Fireman: Benjamin Franklin,” (Bradbury 34). Bradbury continues to show, how the characters are being influenced by the lies they are being fed, when stating the history of Firemen.
Technology
Claim: They are afraid of their technology.
Evidence: “Beatty snorted gently. ‘Hell! It’s a fine bit of craftsmanship, a good rifle that can fetch its own target and guarantees the bulls-eye every time.’
‘’That's why,’ said Montag, ‘I wouldn't want to be it's next victim.’”(27)
“‘It doesn't think anything we don't want it to think.’” (27)
“Montag swallowed. ‘It's calculators can be set to any combination, so many amino acids, so much sulphur, so much butter fat and alkaline.’”(26)
Reasoning: After the robotic hound attacked Montag, he discussed the incident with his captain, Beatty. Beatty compared the hound to a rifle, accurate and deadly. This makes Montag scared of the hound, he knows that it could easily kill him. What scared him anymore is when Beatty says that the hound only thinks what they want them to think. However, if nobody would want to kill him, then no one could have programmed the dog. This means that he does have enemies, which is unlikely, or the dog has began to think for itself. This is likely, as the dog is as close to alive as possible without actually being alive. It has amino acids in it, parts of DNA, the building block of life. This means that it could change, have mutations, and can begin to learn and have emotions, instead of being an impassive robot. This is cause for fear, as the robots could possibly be learning and changing to go against humanity.
Conformity VS. Nonconformity
NONCONFORMITY-
In Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 the most apparent nonconformity is when Guy Montag steals a book from the house in which he is sent to burn to the ground, and then sneaks it into his home when he is aware of the law forbidding books to be read. “His hands had been infected, and soon it would be his arms. He could feel the poison working up his wrists and into his elbows and his shoulders, and then the jump-over from shoulder-blade to shoulder-blade like a spark leaping a gap. His hands were ravenous. And his eyes were beginning to feel hunger, as if they must look at something, anything, everything”(Bradburry 41). When Montag steals the book from the burning house, he feels the sensation of potentially gaining a new perspective when reading this book. However, knowing that he can be thrown into an asylum, he feels the hunger of curiosity that the book obtains.
CONFORMITY-
An example of conformity when Montag was asked if he ever read the books that he burned, and he laughed and stated that reading the books was illegal. Evidence; ”Do you ever read the books that you burn?” He laughed. “That’s against the law!” (Bradbury 8). Reasoning; Montag shows signs of conformity by not reading books because the government says that it’s bad while Clarisse, the girl asking the question, shows signs of nonconformity by questioning the rules and the norms set by the government.
Elizabethan Era Presentations
England's Position on the World Stage During Queen Elizabeth's Rule
Scotland:
Mary Stuart
1558 she married future King Francis II
Raised Catholic
Jailed cousin in 1567
United country with France
Kept cousin in prison 20 yrs before agreeing to death sentence in 1587.
Ireland:
England made up of UK, Scotland, and southern Ireland.
She thought Ireland was unwelcome
Ireland was divided into different cultures.
Ireland was Catholic but the queen was Protestant.
Spain:
Spain= Catholic
England= Protestant
France:
Constant pain in Elizabeth's reign.
England lost last of territory during reign of Mary.
Controlled whole northern coastline.
Posed threat to England.
Portugal:
Under Spanish rule from 1580-1640
Exploration led to eastern spice trade and also led them to the New World.
Explorers motives were wealth, power, more trade, spreading Catholocism and expanding the Spanish empire.
Netherlands:
Netherlands lost against Spain
China: Ming Dynasty:
The Ming Leaders were praised as the greatest leaders of old China
They led and era that was told to be the "greatest orderly and social stability in all human history"
These were the three of nineteen rulers during the Ming era.
Entertainment
Bear batting-dogs attack captive bear, most popular
fencing- upper class activity
theater- everyone could watch but in different playhouses
festivals-people looked forward to, most with the church, Easter, Christmas
cock-hunting- expensive, chickens fight to their death
horse-racing- big event,sabotaged
Childerens games- handy dandy, hoodman-blind
recreational drug- alcohol, tobacco, cannabis
Archery- nobility skill, men ages 17-60 must learn to do archery
lottery- expensive
hawking- train birds to hunt, royal
tennis & football- only royals, similar to now
chess& checkers- very popular because Shakespeare put them in his plays
Elizabethan Crime and Punishment
Jails:
Held people awaiting trials.
Detention periods were short
Held witnesses in trial whose attendance was doubtful
Common Crimes:
- Theft
- Begging
- Poaching
- Adultery
- Fraud
- Dice-cogging
Heretics:
Burned to death at stake
Late 1700's the government sought more humane ways for punishment
Traitors:
Hung then cut when alive
Traitors who were noble birth hung until completely dead of beheaded.
Torture Methods:
Excruciating, painful & extreme
The Rack, The Scavenger's Daughter, The Collar, The Iron Maiden, Branding Irons, and The Wheel
Greater crimes called for greater punishment
Iron Boot had spikes in it and was to make criminal confess
The Rack hands were tied up and stretched until dislocation
Gossips title was for cheating women
The Collar with chain connected to tree or wall
Thumb screws had metal bars with screws that go into thumbs
The Wheel stretched people while burning them
Lower class crimes:
Adultery, begging, poaching, fraud, and theft
Hanging branding, burning, whipping, and starvation in public
Upper Class Crime:
Murder
Witchcraft
Treason
Insulting
Questioning beliefs
Punishments:
Hanging until half dead or passed out
Or burned
Hanged alive with chains for murder
Greatest Punishment:
Drawing and quartering was where they were hung til half dead and then cut them open drag them by a horse and throw them in a fire while still alive.
Executions:
Death penalty was not an issue
Punishment of execution was usually to be burn't or hung at stake, drawn, and quartered.
Professions, Gender Roles, and Social Hierarchy
Upper Class:
Could afford all the best clothes, food, etc.
Women couldn't attend universities
Women couldn't take over state.
Training/ schooling on how to be mother
Monarch:
Was the queen
She ruled everything
It showed that a strong women could rule a nation
Nobility:
Right under monarch
Had lots of money
Gentry:
Came from lower class to upper class by getting land
Middle Class/Lower Class:
Had small amount of land and could barely afford food and drinks
Women could not enter profession
Only could be married
If single you were thought to be a witch
Had to learn how to do household chores
Expected to obey men
Yeomen:
Were workers
Were illiterate
Commanded most of land but highers were ones who owned it
Laborers:
Poorest of classes
Made laborers go into a job so there was less homelessness
Plague and Other Illnesses
The Bubonic Plague:
Killed over 10 million people in Europe
Over 150 years of impact
Continued almost all of the 16th century
The Death Cart was for lowest classes to go pick up all the bodies killed by plague
Started in fleas, then to rats on merchant ships, and then to people.
One and two thirds of European population died.
Burned bodies or piled them up in mass graves
Or catapult bodies into cities they were attacking
Symptoms:
Take 2-3 days until pain, fever, chills, and vomiting.
Affected lymphnodes
Treatment:
Cut bumps and apply tree resin
Drink urine twice a day
Bathe in vinegar roses
Other Illnesses:
Dysentery and typhoid
Dysentery symptoms were puss, mucus, and blood in diarhea
Typhoid
Both were from poor hygeine
When treated every 4 in 100 died.
Used vinegar as a cleansing agent
In Shakespeare Friar Lawrence sends Friar John to send a letter but he gets the Bubonic Plague
Killed 3 of Shakespeare's siblings
Clothing and Hygiene
Monarch= Highest class
Purple was most expensive and signified higher class
Gold jewels signified wealth
Kings and queens
Nobility was like Romeo and Juliet
Right below monarchs
Couldn't wear colors like monarchs
Basic clothing
Merchant wore colorful and best clothes they could afford
Were told what they could wear
Gentry (Gentlemen, knights, and esquires)
Little less poofy dress
Bright satin and velvet
Lot of gold trimming that signified high but not highest
Knights were born into gentry
Esquires could bear arms
Wore armor as day to day clothing
Hygiene was terrible
Bathed once a year
No running or heated water
Share the same bath in village
Toilets didn't exist so they went in river or toilet chambers and dumped it out in river
Used roses/ scented herbs to mask bad smells
Queen bathed once a week
Laborers were wool, sheepskin, or linen
Silk, velvet trimmings
Gray, blue, orange, russet, green, yellow, brown, and beige
Romeo and Montagues were nobles
Juliet and Capulets were nobles too
Nurse and servants would wear plainer clothes because they were lower class
Blind Taste Test
Butter number 1: The first butter's color is paler than number 2. It is very soft and easy to spread. This butter is very salty in taste.“I like to YOLO everything and just live my life, so ya I think it’s good to live like you’re dying,” responded Sam to the given question.
“I don’t know, sometimes it’s important to live in the moment, other times it’s important to think ahead and plan,” answered Erika thoughtfully.
“I agree”, added Jordan. “Enjoying the little things is definitely important, but having long-term goals and plans is also important.”
“If I wanna go bungee jumping then I’m gonna go bungee jumping. I wanna make the most of my youth when my joints still work.”
“And I think something like bungee jumping would need planning, however I think it's good to do things you want to as Sam said earlier, you only live once.”
Jordan replied, “I think that it’s good to be sporadic and enjoy experiences, but at the same time planning for your future and knowing what you want to do in life is important.”
“But you don’t know how much of a future you’re gonna have yo,” countered Sam. “You gotta do whatcha can do before your times out.”
Click here for the recording
To Kill A Mocking Bird
MAKE SKETCHNOTE FOR 18-19
#BlackLivesMatter
In this article by Bijan Stephan, he talks about the growing movement, Black Lives Matter. He contrasts the differences between the use of today's technology and how the peaceful protests could have changed if they had the technology we have now.
The Sixth Extinction
Prologue
-new species have evolved
-this species is good at adapting
-the big 5: five big extinctions
Chapter 6
-all about ocean acidification
-by the end of the 21st century, oceanic pH will have dropped from 8.2 to 7.8
-Castello Aragones: Italian Islands
-Carbon dioxide dissolves water into acid
-seagrass: peculiar green
-the tiny organisms that usually coat them are missing because of the carbon dioxide release
-Humans burned through fossil fuels in which added 365 billion metric tons of carbon to the atmosphere
-each year 9 billion tons are added
Chapter 7
-acidification is harming the coral in the ocean
-⇧ failure of the Biosphere 2 project
-'saturation state,' a property related to acidity
-acidity bleaches the coral
-one loan palm tree
-found in the southernmost part of the great barrier reef
-growing out of a pile of the dead reef (no sand)
-one reef has billions of species
-collecting water samples at every low tide to test pH
-in the Peruvian Andes, in Manu National Park
-upward migration of species as the climate warms
-Species-Area Relationship: S=cAz
-⇧as the area drops, the number of species drops
-Why are trees growing in the higher altitude?
-⇧answer: weather is colder and it rains more frequently
-What will become extinct from climate change? Plants? Animals?
Chapter 9
-The Brazilian government: to blame for deforestation for paying people to cut down trees
-11 million miles uninhabited by humans on the entire Earth
-Islands lack biodiversity
-When the forest is split into small parts it is similar to creating an island and it prohibits migration
Claim, Evidence, Research
Fahrenheit 451 Notes:
Characters
Montag is an ignorant man because of his lack of knowledge of the past regarding the past of firemen and the world around him. “‘Is it true that long ago firemen put fires out instead of going to start them?’ ‘No. Houses have always been fireproof, take my word for it’”(Bradbury 8). Within this, the reader can depict Montag's response as a lack of knowledge when Clarisse is discussing the past of firemen and the past of the purpose of firemen.
Montag
Firefighter
SmugA, skilled, strong, content, ignorant, unique- burns books… why???
Clarisse
Montag’s neighbor
Angelic, whimsical, curious,
Setting
Scene takes place at night
“He walked out of the fire station and along the midnight street toward the subway where the silent, air-propelled train slid soundlessly down its lubricated flue in the earth and let him out with a great puff of warm air onto the cream-tiled escalator rising to the suburb,” (Bradbury 4).
Air trains are not invented yet so we know this book takes place in the future.
“They walked in the warm-cool blowing night on the silvered pavement and there was the faintest breath of fresh apricots and strawberries in the air, and he looked around and realized this was quite impossible, so late in the year” (Bradbury 6-7).
The narrator states that the smell outside smells like a strawberries, then states that its too late in the year for that. This tells us that it must be closer to winter time since it is not possible to be growing any kind of fruits in the winter season.
“‘Do you ever read any of the books you burn?’ He laughed. ‘That's against the law!’"(Bradbury 8).
Maytag says it is legal and encouraged to burn books, but not to read them, which means they are probably in a government controlled community that discourages the spread of knowledge.
Figurative Reading
Ray Bradbury uses figurative language (personification, symbolism, simile, alliteration, paradox, etc) to create strong sensory images.
He strode in a swarm of fireflies” Visual Imagery portrays the image the author is imagining
“How like a mirror, too, her face. Impossible; for how many people did you know that refracted your own light to you?" Simile- compares Clarisse to a mirror because she reflects his emotions and actions back to him, and at time she knows what he is going to do before he actually does it.
Motifs
In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 the reoccurring theme throughout the novel thus far is nature imagery, to foreshadow the lost connection of nature and humanity to technology and machines. “The Mechanical Hound… softly illuminated kennel back in a dark corner of the firehouse”(Bradbury 21). Within this, Bradbury is furthering the idea in which technology is taking precedence over humanity and nature, when stating the mechanical hound sleeping, like a human, and purrs like a hound, but also like the engine of a car.
In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury the reoccurring theme throughout the novel this far is the absurdity of knowledge of the past. “Didn't fireman prevent fires rather than stoke them up and get them going?" (Bradbury 34) The characters are constantly filled with lies of the past, to cover up the remains of history. “Established, 1790, to burn English-influenced books in the Colonies. First Fireman: Benjamin Franklin,” (Bradbury 34). Bradbury continues to show, how the characters are being influenced by the lies they are being fed, when stating the history of Firemen.
Technology
Claim: They are afraid of their technology.
Evidence: “Beatty snorted gently. ‘Hell! It’s a fine bit of craftsmanship, a good rifle that can fetch its own target and guarantees the bulls-eye every time.’
‘’That's why,’ said Montag, ‘I wouldn't want to be it's next victim.’”(27)
“‘It doesn't think anything we don't want it to think.’” (27)
“Montag swallowed. ‘It's calculators can be set to any combination, so many amino acids, so much sulphur, so much butter fat and alkaline.’”(26)
Reasoning: After the robotic hound attacked Montag, he discussed the incident with his captain, Beatty. Beatty compared the hound to a rifle, accurate and deadly. This makes Montag scared of the hound, he knows that it could easily kill him. What scared him anymore is when Beatty says that the hound only thinks what they want them to think. However, if nobody would want to kill him, then no one could have programmed the dog. This means that he does have enemies, which is unlikely, or the dog has began to think for itself. This is likely, as the dog is as close to alive as possible without actually being alive. It has amino acids in it, parts of DNA, the building block of life. This means that it could change, have mutations, and can begin to learn and have emotions, instead of being an impassive robot. This is cause for fear, as the robots could possibly be learning and changing to go against humanity.
Themes
Claim: Bradbury presents the theme of personal disconnection between people in their society and shows Montag’s development in realizing and understanding this disconnection when talking to Clarisse.
Evidence: Another example of disconnection occurs when Montag is speaking to Clarisse and she mentions how he is different from other firemen, “The others would walk off and leave me talking. Or threaten me. No one has time anymore for anyone else.” (Bradbury, 17).
Resoning: Clarisse compares Montag to the other firemen saying he actually listens and pays attention to what she has to say, while the others ignore her because she is ‘odd,’ she then goes on to mention how no one has time for anyone anymore.
Claim: The disconnection between members of society in this novel is brought into the light when we see that even a married couple (Montag and Mildred) can not emotionally support each other and have deep conversations about issues they are suffering from.
Evidence: The theme of disconnection becomes present after Mildred overdoses on pills and the unknown men pump her stomach. In this quote Montag thinks to himself, “There are too many of us, he thought. There are billions of us and that's too many. Nobody knows anyone.”(Bradbury, 11).
Reasoning: Montag is saying that there are billions of people yet nobody knows anyone because everyone is so disconnected.
So what? Overall, this lack of personal connection between characters shows us that future societies are not necessarily improved. Bradbury is presenting the flaws in society by focusing on this disconnection
Conformity VS. Nonconformity
NONCONFORMITY-
In Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 the most apparent nonconformity is when Guy Montag steals a book from the house in which he is sent to burn to the ground, and then sneaks it into his home when he is aware of the law forbidding books to be read. “His hands had been infected, and soon it would be his arms. He could feel the poison working up his wrists and into his elbows and his shoulders, and then the jump-over from shoulder-blade to shoulder-blade like a spark leaping a gap. His hands were ravenous. And his eyes were beginning to feel hunger, as if they must look at something, anything, everything”(Bradburry 41). When Montag steals the book from the burning house, he feels the sensation of potentially gaining a new perspective when reading this book. However, knowing that he can be thrown into an asylum, he feels the hunger of curiosity that the book obtains.
CONFORMITY-
An example of conformity when Montag was asked if he ever read the books that he burned, and he laughed and stated that reading the books was illegal. Evidence; ”Do you ever read the books that you burn?” He laughed. “That’s against the law!” (Bradbury 8). Reasoning; Montag shows signs of conformity by not reading books because the government says that it’s bad while Clarisse, the girl asking the question, shows signs of nonconformity by questioning the rules and the norms set by the government.
Characters
Claim: After Montag and the rest of the fireman witnessed the woman's burn, Montag started to change his mindset on books.
Evidence: He stumbled toward the bed and shoved the book clumsily under the cold pillow” (Bradbury 41)
Reasoning: After burning that woman's house everyone is starting to question why Montag was hesitant about burning the books. Montag now has a certain interest in books and it is started to change the way he perceives books and possibly his job. Since Montag took a book home, he is risking getting in trouble for satisfying his interest in books.
------------------------------
Claim: The firemen have become more comfortable with discussing books after the fire.
Evidence: "‘We shall this day light such a candle, by God's grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out,’ said Beatty. Stoneman glanced over at the Captain, as did Montag, startled.”(40)
Reasoning: Not only did Montag’s mind change, the other firemen have also become more open about books. Beatty clearly quotes a book on the drive back to the fire station. This was in front of two firemen, Montag and Black, whose main job is to burn books. While they were startled by this, they did not remark on it, showing that they do not mind if books are mentioned, they are just not discussed after.
Futuristic/Dystopian Genre
Bradburry shows insight to a dystopian society by using key details about technology. ”He walked out of the fire station and along the midnight street toward the subway where the silent, air-propelled train slid soundlessly down its lubricated flue in the earth and let him out with a great puff of warm air onto the cream-tiled escalator rising to the suburb.” (pg.4). “The other machine was operated by an equally impersonal fellow in non-stainable reddish-brown overalls. This machine pumped all of the blood from the body and replaced it with fresh blood and serum.” (pg. 29). These quotes show new forms of technology that we are not familiar with today. The airtrain is clearly a more advanced version of the train that we have today. This gives us the idea that the society in the novel is more technologically advanced and in the future.
England's Position on the World Stage During Queen Elizabeth's Rule
Scotland:
Mary Stuart
1558 she married future King Francis II
Raised Catholic
Jailed cousin in 1567
United country with France
Kept cousin in prison 20 yrs before agreeing to death sentence in 1587.
Ireland:
England made up of UK, Scotland, and southern Ireland.
She thought Ireland was unwelcome
Ireland was divided into different cultures.
Ireland was Catholic but the queen was Protestant.
Spain:
Spain= Catholic
England= Protestant
France:
Constant pain in Elizabeth's reign.
England lost last of territory during reign of Mary.
Controlled whole northern coastline.
Posed threat to England.
Portugal:
Under Spanish rule from 1580-1640
Exploration led to eastern spice trade and also led them to the New World.
Explorers motives were wealth, power, more trade, spreading Catholocism and expanding the Spanish empire.
Netherlands:
Netherlands lost against Spain
China: Ming Dynasty:
The Ming Leaders were praised as the greatest leaders of old China
They led and era that was told to be the "greatest orderly and social stability in all human history"
These were the three of nineteen rulers during the Ming era.
Entertainment
Bear batting-dogs attack captive bear, most popular
fencing- upper class activity
theater- everyone could watch but in different playhouses
festivals-people looked forward to, most with the church, Easter, Christmas
cock-hunting- expensive, chickens fight to their death
horse-racing- big event,sabotaged
Childerens games- handy dandy, hoodman-blind
recreational drug- alcohol, tobacco, cannabis
Archery- nobility skill, men ages 17-60 must learn to do archery
lottery- expensive
hawking- train birds to hunt, royal
tennis & football- only royals, similar to now
chess& checkers- very popular because Shakespeare put them in his plays
Elizabethan Crime and Punishment
Jails:
Held people awaiting trials.
Detention periods were short
Held witnesses in trial whose attendance was doubtful
Common Crimes:
- Theft
- Begging
- Poaching
- Adultery
- Fraud
- Dice-cogging
Heretics:
Burned to death at stake
Late 1700's the government sought more humane ways for punishment
Traitors:
Hung then cut when alive
Traitors who were noble birth hung until completely dead of beheaded.
Torture Methods:
Excruciating, painful & extreme
The Rack, The Scavenger's Daughter, The Collar, The Iron Maiden, Branding Irons, and The Wheel
Greater crimes called for greater punishment
Iron Boot had spikes in it and was to make criminal confess
The Rack hands were tied up and stretched until dislocation
Gossips title was for cheating women
The Collar with chain connected to tree or wall
Thumb screws had metal bars with screws that go into thumbs
The Wheel stretched people while burning them
Lower class crimes:
Adultery, begging, poaching, fraud, and theft
Hanging branding, burning, whipping, and starvation in public
Upper Class Crime:
Murder
Witchcraft
Treason
Insulting
Questioning beliefs
Punishments:
Hanging until half dead or passed out
Or burned
Hanged alive with chains for murder
Greatest Punishment:
Drawing and quartering was where they were hung til half dead and then cut them open drag them by a horse and throw them in a fire while still alive.
Executions:
Death penalty was not an issue
Punishment of execution was usually to be burn't or hung at stake, drawn, and quartered.
Professions, Gender Roles, and Social Hierarchy
Upper Class:
Could afford all the best clothes, food, etc.
Women couldn't attend universities
Women couldn't take over state.
Training/ schooling on how to be mother
Monarch:
Was the queen
She ruled everything
It showed that a strong women could rule a nation
Nobility:
Right under monarch
Had lots of money
Gentry:
Came from lower class to upper class by getting land
Middle Class/Lower Class:
Had small amount of land and could barely afford food and drinks
Women could not enter profession
Only could be married
If single you were thought to be a witch
Had to learn how to do household chores
Expected to obey men
Yeomen:
Were workers
Were illiterate
Commanded most of land but highers were ones who owned it
Laborers:
Poorest of classes
Made laborers go into a job so there was less homelessness
Plague and Other Illnesses
The Bubonic Plague:
Killed over 10 million people in Europe
Over 150 years of impact
Continued almost all of the 16th century
The Death Cart was for lowest classes to go pick up all the bodies killed by plague
Started in fleas, then to rats on merchant ships, and then to people.
One and two thirds of European population died.
Burned bodies or piled them up in mass graves
Or catapult bodies into cities they were attacking
Symptoms:
Take 2-3 days until pain, fever, chills, and vomiting.
Affected lymphnodes
Treatment:
Cut bumps and apply tree resin
Drink urine twice a day
Bathe in vinegar roses
Other Illnesses:
Dysentery and typhoid
Dysentery symptoms were puss, mucus, and blood in diarhea
Typhoid
Both were from poor hygeine
When treated every 4 in 100 died.
Used vinegar as a cleansing agent
In Shakespeare Friar Lawrence sends Friar John to send a letter but he gets the Bubonic Plague
Killed 3 of Shakespeare's siblings
Clothing and Hygiene
Monarch= Highest class
Purple was most expensive and signified higher class
Gold jewels signified wealth
Kings and queens
Nobility was like Romeo and Juliet
Right below monarchs
Couldn't wear colors like monarchs
Basic clothing
Merchant wore colorful and best clothes they could afford
Were told what they could wear
Gentry (Gentlemen, knights, and esquires)
Little less poofy dress
Bright satin and velvet
Lot of gold trimming that signified high but not highest
Knights were born into gentry
Esquires could bear arms
Wore armor as day to day clothing
Hygiene was terrible
Bathed once a year
No running or heated water
Share the same bath in village
Toilets didn't exist so they went in river or toilet chambers and dumped it out in river
Used roses/ scented herbs to mask bad smells
Queen bathed once a week
Laborers were wool, sheepskin, or linen
Silk, velvet trimmings
Gray, blue, orange, russet, green, yellow, brown, and beige
Romeo and Montagues were nobles
Juliet and Capulets were nobles too
Nurse and servants would wear plainer clothes because they were lower class
Literary and Poetic Devices
China Study Notes: Chapter 16
Blind Taste Test
Butter number 2: The color of this butter is very yellow, and was easy to cut but quite thick. It tastes creamy with a hint of salt.
Yogurt number 1: This yogurt is rather plain and not much in taste. It is also has little lumps throughout.
Yogurt number 2: This yogurt tastes and smells like sour cheese. It is very runny and thin.
Claim: Organic dairy cows will produce a thicker product compared to conventional dairy because there is no unnatural additives thin down the end product.
"'When comparing organic and conventional milk composition (especially milk fatty acids), previous studies have generally compared organic dairying with milk produced from grass-fed cows to conventional dairying with milk produced from concentrate-fed cows,' lead investigator Don Otter, a AgResearch member from the Grasslands Research Centre in New Zealand, said in a statement."
"'However, in most parts of the world, conventional dairying is associated with high levels of grain feeding, the use of cow breeds which produce high milk volumes, and the application of large amounts of fertilizer ('high input' farming), while organic dairying is tied to pasture and forage feeding, lower amounts of fertilizer application, and the use of mixed or minority breeds ('low input'),' the researcher (Don Otter) said."
"Still, there is one thing that organic consumers might be aiming for when purchasing organic milks: avoiding GMOs."
Stallard, Brian. "Organic Milk vs Regular: Is There Any Difference?" Nature World News RSS. Nature World News, 21 Jan. 2015. Web. 11 Oct. 2016.
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